Somaclonal variation and induced mutations in crop improvement by s. Various references have introduced somaclonal variation as a novel and useful source in plant breeding kangle 1989, zongxiu 1983. Pdf somaclonal variations and their applications in. Somaclonal variations can be induced through the application of pathotoxins, herbicides, salts, metabolic inhibitions, or temperature shocks. Genetic variations in plants thathave been produced by plant tissueculture and can be detected asgenetic or phenotypic traits. Somaclonal variations may reduce two years the time required for the release of new variety compared to mutation breeding.
The variations can be genotypic or phenotypic, which in the latter case can be either. Somaclonal variation, therefore, can arise from somatic mutations already present in the donor plant karp 1994. Accordingly, somaclonal variation can be either an advantage variability increase or disadvantage loss of. Mohan jain, 9780792348627, available at book depository with free delivery worldwide. Meristem culture meristems are the growing regions of plants. Organogenesis in plant tissue culture powerpoint ppt. Somaclonal variation for disease resistance in wheat and production of dihaploids through wheat x maize hybrids. Somaclonal variation, structural variation, genetic. Somaclonal variation as a tool for crop improvement. V plants for flower size, flower colour, plant morphology, plant height and number of flowers per plants from leaf disc callus.
Arial wingdings times new roman clouds microsoft photo editor 3. Ppt somaclonal variations powerpoint presentation free. Variations in number and structure of chromosomes are commonly observed. Apical meristem present towards the stem apex of plants is always free from viral pathogens. However, plant breeders have successfully recombined the desired genes from cultivated crop gerrnplasm and related wild species by sexual hybridization, and have been able to. Somaclonal variation does not preclude the use of rice transformants for genetic screening. Development and evaluation of in vitro somaclonal variation. The use of only one type of molecular marker, such as rapds, to assess the genetic stability of an in vitro production system may be inadequate, and an approach that focuses on morphological traits appears to be a valuable. Tissue culture is a powerful tool in plant gene transformation and molecular breeding. Genetic bases of variation from in vitro tissue culture. Somaclonal variations and their applications in horticultural crops. Somaclonal variation is used to describe the occurrence of genetic variants derived from in vitro procedures.
Somaclonal variation can be defined as variation among plants regenerated from in vitro culture larkin and scowcroft, 1988 and is a common phenomenon in plant tissue culture skirvin et al. Aug 20, 2017 for the love of physics walter lewin may 16, 2011 duration. Heritable, genetic changes alter the dna stable, but nonheritable changes alter gene expression, aka epigenetic since. This article throws light upon the five applications of somaclonal variations. Genetic variability is an important parameter for plant breeders in any con ventional crop improvement programme. Somaclonal variation is a tool that can be used by plant breeders. Somaclonal variation and induced mutations in crop improvement s. Somaclonal variation may be of great interest in breeding programs and chromosome engineering because it can generate novelties for crop improvement. Such variation arises in tissue culture as a manifestation of epigenetic influence or a change in the genome of differentiat. Pdf somaclonal variation as a tool for crop improvement. Shalini jain, phd2 and hariom yadav, phd2 1department of biotechnology, jmit, radaur, india. Study of somaclonal variation in two rice cultivars. This is primarily because there has been no reliable molecular method for estimating or quantifying variation.
Tissue cultureinduced somaclonal variation of decreased. Pdf somaclonal variations present an excellent approach to introduce genetic diversity in sugarcane. Displaying powerpoint presentation on somaclonal variation available to view or download. This kind of work is majorly done to achieve some of the beneficial properties of plants likedisease resistance, stress resistance, nutritional. Somaclonal variation does not preclude the use of rice. Somaclonal variation a general account by anupama paul msc. Aug 11, 2011 background the origin of somaclonal variation has not been questioned previously, i. Callus tissueorganogenesisregenerated plants hardening and selfingsomaclonal variantssteps involved in induction and selection of somaclonal variations 5. View organogenesis in plant tissue culture ppts online, safely and virusfree. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks. Genetic variations in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture and can be detected as genetic or phenotypic traits.
Somaclonal variation sometimes may lead to desirable characteristics like increased pest resistance etc. Somaclonal variation can be manifested as either somatically or meiotically stable events. Introduction to plant biotechnology 3e by h s chawla. The occurrence of subtle somaclonal variation is a drawback for both in vitro cloning as. The main factors that influence the variation generated from tissue culture are 1 the degree of departure from organised growth, 2 the genotype, 3 growth regulators and 4 tissue source. Type and concentration of applied plant growth regulators pgr optimal concentration and precise ratios of auxins and cytokinins is essential for efficient micropropagation skoog and miller 1957. In tissue culture, somaclonal variation has been presented a lot of significant contributions to plant science. The genetic variations are inherited by the clones of the treated plant. Differences in both the frequency and nature of somaclonal variation may occur when regeneration is achieved from different tissue sources sahijram et al. Somaclonal variation by anupama paul linkedin slideshare.
Genetic variation found to occur between somaclones in plant tissue cultures was called somaclonal variation. For the love of physics walter lewin may 16, 2011 duration. Highly differentiated tissues such as roots, leaves, and stems generally produce more variations than explants with preexisting meristems, such as axillary buds and shoot tips duncan 1997. Various types of somaclonal mutations including point mutations, gene duplication, chromosome. Chromosomal rearrangements are an important source of. Variation in plant phenotype is determined by genetic and epigenetic factors. Somaclonal variation among regenerated plants from callus and protoplast culture has been suggested as a useful source of potentially. Somaclonal variation and induced mutations in crop.
Somaclonal variation somaclonal variations occur spontaneously in low frequencies. Somaclonal variation is the variation seen in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture. Somaclonal variation genetic variations in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture and can be detected as genetic or phenotypic traits. Somaclonal variation in tissue culture is a complex problem that needs several approaches to be appreciated correctly. Several studies have reported the involvement of plant growth. Background the origin of somaclonal variation has not been. Somaclonal variation, a common phenomenon in plant cell cultures, characterized by phenotypic variation of either genetic or epigenetic origin, may be an explanation for the wide range of inhibitor activity found. Somaclonal variation in improvement of ornamental plants.
Though several transformation techniques have been developed, generally speaking such techniques are highly sophisticated and depend on availability of an efficient. Success in somaclonal variation is genotypedependent vasil and vasil, 1986. Somaclonal variation was claimed to be a source of variation for crop improvement, especially for crops reproduced vegetatively larkin and scowcroft, 1981. The term somaclonal variation is a phenomenon of broad taxonomic occurrence, reported for species of different ploidy levels, and for outcrossing and inbreeding, vegetatively and seed propagated, and cultivated and non. Generally, an ebook can be downloaded in five minutes or less. Epigenetic nonheritable variations variations generated during tissue culture caused by temporary phenotypic changes occur at low frequency 4. Somaclonal variation has been used as a useful tool in micropropagated bananas hwang and ko, 1987, sahijram et al. Somaclonal and gametoclonal variation are new tools for the geneticist and plant breeder that permit reduction in the time period for new variety development and that permit access to new classes of genetic variation. Applications of somaclonal variations biology discussion. Induction of somaclonal variation is a cheap and quick method of inducing variations. Somaclonal variations and also gametoclonal variations, described later are highly useful in plant. Somaclonal variation it is the term used to describe the variation seen in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture.
In 1984, taiwan banana research institute started a selection program for resistance to fusarium wilt in cavendish bananas using somaclonal variation hwang and ko, 1987. In this article, we will discuss about the application of somaclonal variation in some crop plants and horticulturally plants. Table 3 in vitro selection of desirable traits and development of some commercially exploited varieties through somaclonal variation in different horticultural crops. In vitro micropropagation is an important tool for crop improvement in plant breeding and is a common application for induction of somaclonal variation. An ebook reader can be a software application for use on a computer such. Radiation sources, such as xrays, gamma rays and fast neutrons, and chemical mutagens e. Selection among regenerated oat lines for altered levels of grain quality factors e. Somaclonal variation includes aneuploids, sterile plants and morphological variants, sometimes involving traits of economic importance in case of crop plants. Background the origin of somaclonal variation has not been questioned previously, i. Variations for karyotype, isozyme characteristics and morphology in somaclones may also observed. This file is licensed under the creative commons attributionshare alike 4. They can be screened and beneficial ones are isolated. Somaclonal variation free download as powerpoint presentation.
For example, tvtc is the somaclone with tangerine fruit color and virescent leaves. The rate of variation expected in tissue culture is approximately. The effects of growth regulators on somaclonal variation in rye. Somaclonal variation for disease resistance in wheat and. Combination of somaclonal variation and mutagenesis for crop improvement. Tissue culture increases the efficiency of mutagenic treatment to induce variations. Somaclonal variation in improvement of ornamental plants jain et al. Combination of somaclonal variation and mutagenesis for.
Epigenetic aspects of somaclonal variation in plants. This book covers all the important aspects of plant tissue culture viz. The extent 01 somaclonal variation as seen from tho following standard summary. Stub this article has been rated as stubclass on the projects quality scale. Somaclonal variation an overview sciencedirect topics. Multiple variants with the same phenotype are labeled tcl, tc2, tc3, etc. Feb, 2016 a number of cultivars have been developed through somaclonal variation in different horticultural crops for a range of useful traits, which are presented in table 3. Although theoretically all plants regenerated from somatic cells should be clones, a number of observations have indicated that this is not the case. This book has been written to meet the needs of students for biotechnology courses at various levels of undergraduate and graduate studies.
Phenotypic and genotypic variations, collectively called somaclonal variations, have long been known to be induced during dedifferentiation and regeneration of plants in tissue cultures larkin and scowcroft 1981. This article is within the scope of wikiproject plants, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of plants and botany on wikipedia. Scanned images were processed using the image analysis software imagej nih, usa. Ppt somaclonal variations powerpoint presentation free to. Advantages somaclonal variations are stable and occur at high frequencies. Somaclonal variation in crop improvement i professor dr. Somaclonal variation exists and has been proven to be genetically inherited vasil and vasil, 1986. Mutationbased plant improvement, which changes one or a few specific traits of a cultivar, can contribute to crop improvement. Chromosomal rearrangements are an important source of this variation. The success in applying somaclonal variation in plant breeding is therefore dependent on the genetic stability of the selected somaclones. Basic features of somaclonal variations variations for karyotype, isozyme characteristics and morphology in somaclones may also observed. Somaclonal variation and induced mutations in crop improvement. Somaclonal variation caused by the process of tissue culture is also called tissue culture induced variation to more speci.
Sep 23, 20 tissue culture is a powerful tool in plant gene transformation and molecular breeding. Somaclonal variation can pose a serious problem in any micropropagation program, where it is highly desirable to produce truetotype plant. Chromosomal rearrangements are an important source of this variation somaclonal variation is not restricted to, but is particularly common in plants regenerated from callus. Somaclonal variations and their applications in horticultural. Somaclonal variation is defined as genetic variation observed among progeny of plants regenerated from somatic cells cultured in vitro. Somaclonal variations and their applications in horticultural crops improvement. Phenotypic and dna variation among putative plant clones is termed somaclonal variation. Somaclonal variation and crop improvement larkin and scowcroft 1981 proposed the term somaclone to describe the plants originating from any type of tissue culture. Ppt somaclonal variations powerpoint presentation, free. Somaclonal variation generated through tissue culture can form the basis of selection, either in vitro or among regenerated plants, for oat genotypes with altered grain quality profiles.
1504 540 1195 1003 1597 1260 629 1277 1603 1555 545 573 619 1100 769 1466 593 656 388 123 434 1499 194 796 19 69 196 973 955 479 1353 180 46 380 1306 387